Rendering Sequence

Unigine has a combination of a full deferred renderer with forward rendering techniques:

All opaque (non-transparent) geometry is rendered in the deferred pass.
Transparent geometry is rendered in the forward pass.

Before the deferred rendering pass, the engine performs all necessary calculations. It specifies what nodes should be rendered, the order of rendering, how many lights there are in the scene, and so on.

This article introduces the detailed Unigine rendering pipeline including all auxiliary stages, which can be skipped by the user.

A frame is a complex structure including a lot of different calculations and textures rendering.

Here is the rendering pipeline, all stages are performed during one frame composition. Some stages can be switched off, if necessary: decals rendering stage, auxiliary pass, post-materials, etc.

During rendering, the engine initializes necessary texture buffers and most of them are not cleared completely (the engine cuts out sky areas). Some passes just re-use these already created buffers. Such optimizations help to increase the rendering performance.

The schematic representation of the rendering pipeline displays the main stages of the rendering sequence.

Schematic representation of the rendering pipeline

The frame rendering process will be illustrated by screenshots from a simple test scene with a variety of materials (transparent and opaque), environment probes, decals, planar reflections, different light sources.

The Common pass is the very first step of the rendering sequence. In this pass, environment LUTs and the Environment cubemap are rendered. These textures are rendered only once before all the geometry in the scene and will be used further for the final screen composition: for scattering rendering and non-dynamic reflections.

	Environment cubemap is composed of six pieces (256x256 px each).
Schematic representation of the 1x256 LUT textures.	LUT textures are represented as 1x256 px textures taken from the current state of the loaded LUT textures for scattering.

During this step, nothing is rendered at all. This stage prepares the scene before geometry rendering: the engine analyzes the visible part of the scene to know which objects should be drawn and which shouldn't. The engine does the following:

Checks intersections of objects with the frustum (frustum culling) and finds the objects that are present in the frame.
Finds all light sources in the scene.
Finds all surfaces that should be rendered (taking into account occluder objects).
Sorts Lights and Environment Probes by size (from large to small).
Sorts Decal objects by their rendering order.
Sets the Occlusion Query flags to objects that shouldn't be rendered.
Surfaces Batching. All opaque surfaces are grouped and rendered in batches according to materials assigned, thus decreasing the number of DIP calls and, therefore, increasing the performance.

Occlusion Query works with a delay: it is a very performance-hit operation that requires much time. The optimization is the following: the engine checks the scene asynchronously and sets the "should not be rendered" flag during the Occlusion Query stage. That's why occlusion query runs at least 1 frame late. But the object will be hidden without "hard switching" when the FPS value is high.

After calculations, shadow maps are rendered. The way of rendering these maps depends on the type of a light source. Generated shadow maps are used in the following rendering stages.

World Light#

For the world lights, the engine creates cascaded shadow maps. World Light's shadow map is rendered into the orthographic projection.

The shadow map of the world light source is rendered into texture divided into four parts (since the 4 is the maximum quantity of shadow cascades).

Shadow map of the world light source

Shadows near the camera have higher resolutions, while shadows that are far away from the camera have fewer details.

Rectangular shadow cascades on the final scene

Notice

You can specify the number of cascades of the World Light source in the Light World tab of the Parameters window.

Omni Light#

Omni light sources use perspective projection for shadow maps. Each of these light sources uses 6 cameras that generate shadow maps.

Keep in mind that using a lot of Omni lights can sufficiently decrease the performance.

Proj Light#

Shadow maps for Proj light sources are rendered only once because only 1 camera is used.

Notice

It is better to use Proj lights instead of Omni for better performance.

During this stage, the engine renders necessary textures for dynamic reflections (i.e. changed each frame): cubemaps for environment probes and 2D textures for planar reflections. To render these textures, the engine goes through all rendering pipeline (but misses some passes described below).

Cubemaps are generated by using 6 cameras, planar reflections use only 1 camera. Both render the final image (one more rendering cycle) with some hooks:

Textures use shadow maps, that were already generated in the previous shadow maps rendering pass.
All post effects are ignored.
Final image for dynamic reflections is rendered missing TAA.

The final texture of dynamic reflections

This pass is one of the key passes of rendering: all opaque geometry is rendered during this pass one by one.

In the end of this pass, the engine has the texture (color texture) with all opaque geometry and scattering.

Native Depth Pre-Pass#

In this pre-pass, the GPU performs a depth-test for surface culling. The pre-pass is performed only for alpha test and complex materials (for example, with a lot of layers).

The depth buffer stores native depth values z/w.

The depth data stored in a depth buffer texture format D32F

During this pass, the GPU can discard a pixel (shading for this pixel won't be calculated).

Filling the GBuffer#

During this step of rendering, the engine fills the Gbuffer (Geometry buffer) for shading.

Depth#

The depth buffer contains scene objects in the current field of view (found between the near and far clipping planes). Objects are rendered as pure geometric models and stored into this buffer.

The engine also uses native depth.

The depth data stored in a depth buffer texture format D32F

Albedo#

The albedo colors buffer stores pure albedo colors of all material textures:

The texture format is RGBA8 (RT0):

RGB channels store albedo color values
A channel stores the occlusion value. This channel is optional

Shading#

The shading buffer stores shading information on objects in the scene.

The texture format is RGBA8 (RT1):

R channel stores the metalness value
G channel stores the f0 (specular) value
B channel stores the translucent value
A channel stores the microfiber value

Translucency is used to simulate light shine through objects (leaves, for example).

Normal#

The normal buffer stores normal vectors for each vertex of geometry which are required for calculation of the proper lighting.

The texture format is RGBA8 (RT2):

RGB channels store compressed normal values (in view space)
A channel stores the roughness value

Velocity#

The velocity buffer stores information about the displacement of pixels per frame. When the image is still, the buffer is filled with zero (black) values. These values are necessary to make the temporal anti-aliasing (TAA) and motion blur work correctly.

The texture format is RG16F (RT3):

RG channels store pixel displacement values (XY coordinates)

You can disable the buffer, if you don't need velocity-related effects: motion blur, TAA, etc.

Material Mask#

The material mask texture. The first 8 bits are reserved for post effects, other bits can be used for materials.

The texture format is R32U (RT4):

R channel stores the material mask value

Lightmap#

The lightmap buffer is used to add baked light to the scene.

The texture format is RG11B10F (RT5):

RGB channels store lightmap values

Occlusion Query#

During the Occlusion query step, the engine excludes objects (geometry, lights, and decals) that have the Culled by occlusion query flag enabled, from the rendering sequence.

Notice

If the render_occlusion_queries console command value is set to 2, the flag is not taken into account and all objects are excluded from the rendering sequence.

Occlusion query is an operation with a lot of calculations (i.e. significantly affects performance) and is executed asynchronously. The engine checks object bounds and sets the flag to the renderer, if necessary. In the next frame, during the Calculation stage, the renderer excludes the object from the rendering sequence.

Notice

Occlusion Query doesn't work, when the camera is inside the object.

Decals#

During this step of the deferred pass for opaque objects, the engine renders decals. Decals have been already sorted on the Calculations stage, and during this stage, the engine performs rendering by using this order.

Decals are rendered by using alpha blending, but since A channels of the normal and shading textures are occupied by microfiber and roughness values, the engine copies necessary values into new textures and performs alpha blending.

	New Normal texture (uncompressed) that is used for alpha blending
	New Roughness texture to store Roughness value in R channel, and Microfiber value in G channel

Notice

If the value of render_decals console variable is set to 0, the engine will skip this rendering stage.

Shoreline Wetness#

This rendering stage is responsible for shoreline wetness effect of the Global Water object. The behavior of this step is like in the previous Decals rendering step. So we can call this step Post-Decal Rendering.

The effect is performed by using Compute Shaders and Unordered Access Textures techniques.

Linear Depth, Color Old Reprojection and Unpacked Normals#

To perform screen-space effects, the engine renders Linear Depth, Color Old (previous frame) Reprojection, and Normal Unpack (screen-space normals) textures.

These textures are used in subsequent Screen-Space Reflections and Screen-Space Global Illumination stages.

The linear depth texture is generated by using G-buffer depth. Mips of linear depth, color old, and normal unpack textures are also created.

SSRTGI#

During this stage, Screen-Space Ray-Traced Global Illumination post-effect is rendered, during which the engine fills the following textures:

SSAO, if the values of render_ssao and render_ssao_ray_tracing console variables are set to 1, defining whether SSAO and SSAO Ray Tracing should be performed.
SSGI, if the values of render_ssgi and render_ssgi_ray_tracing console variables are set to 1, defining whether SSGI and SSGI Ray Tracing should be performed.
Bent Normal, if the value of render_bent_normal_ray_tracing console variable is set to 1, defining whether Bent Normal should be performed.

Bent Normal is rendered in the RGBA8 texture.

Bent Normal also may have own TAA depending on:

If noise is enabled and SSRTGI is rendered in full resolution, TAA is not applied during this stage.
If noise is enabled and SSRTGI is rendered in half resolution or quarter resolution, TAA is applied.

	New Ray-Traced SSAO texture
	New Bent Normal texture

Notice

If the value of the render_ssrtgi console variable is set to 0, the engine will skip this rendering stage.

Deferred Light Pass#

In the deferred light pass, the engine creates a buffer (Deferred Light Map), which is a 2D array of RG11B10F textures. The first layer of the array is for diffuse light, the second is for specular (which can be switched off for VR).

Light sources use already generated shadow maps.

All lights sources are rendered one by one in a single 2D array to be applied during the Deferred Composite.

Notice

For optimization issues, 1 world light source is always calculated during the Deferred Composite step.
If you have 2 or more world light sources, 1 world light source is always rendered during the deferred composite, and other light sources are rendered during this step.

	Light sources diffuse layer
	Light sources specular layer

The engine uses tile rendering technique for omni lights without shadows. With this optimization, omni light sources are grouped and rendered in batches, decreasing the number of DIP calls and, therefore, improving the performance.

Deferred Reflections#

During this stage of rendering, the engine renders all environment probes that have been already sorted on the calculations stage.

Environment probes are rendered into the 2D array of RGBA16F textures: the first layer contains reflections, the second layer contains ambient light.

The renderer doesn't clear the deferred reflection textures if at least one environment probe has infinite size.

Notice

If there is no environment, the RG11B10F 2D array is used.

	Reflection texture of Environment Probe
	Ambient texture of Environment Probe

Reflection Pass#

In the reflection pass, planar dynamic reflections (that have already been rendered) are applied. Dynamic reflections are rendered in the same texture that was used for Deferred Reflections.

Planar dynamic reflection is applied

Auxiliary Pass#

The auxiliary pass is a type of custom pass. Materials with the Auxiliary pass enabled are rendered in the auxiliary RGBA8 texture.

The auxiliary texture is often used for different post effects. This texture has its own TAA stage.

Notice

The engine skips this pass if there are no materials with the enabled Auxiliary pass and during the Dynamic Reflections pass.

Auxiliary buffer texture

Refractions#

During this stage of the pipeline, refractions are rendered. They are rendered in the refraction texture and applied during the transparent object stage.

Refraction is the RGBA8 texture. The texture contains distortion values.

Notice

This pass is skipped during the Dynamic Reflections pass.

Refractions buffer texture

Transparent Blur Surfaces#

During this stage, the transparent surfaces used in the Transparent Blur effect are rendered. They are rendered in the transparent blur texture and applied during the post effects stage.

Transparent Blur is the R16F texture that contains blurriness values.

Notice

This pass is skipped during the Dynamic Reflections pass.

Transparent Blur buffer texture

SSR#

Screen-Space Reflections are rendered in RGBA16F textures. They are applied to the deferred composite stage.

SSR buffer texture

There are two different types of SSR: with importance sampling and without it:

Importance Sampling is On#

If the importance sampling is enabled, the renderer doesn't use linear depth texture.

In this case, the SSR color texture and SSR velocity texture are rendered. Velocity is used for avoiding artifacts whilst the camera or objects are moving.

SSR has its own TAA stage.

Importance Sampling is Off#

In this case, three textures are rendered: SSR velocity, SSR color texture, and ray-length texture. After that, the renderer applies TAA for the SSR.

The three textures mentioned above are used to perform blurring to provide realistic reflection behavior.

SSAO#

Screen-Space Ambient Occlusion is rendered in its own R8 texture. It is applied in the deferred composite stage.

SSAO can be rendered with or without noise. This option has influence on TAA:

If noise is enabled and SSAO is rendered in full resolution, there is no TAA during this stage.
If noise is enabled and SSAO is rendered in half resolution, this stage has its own TAA.

SSAO texture

Notice

If the value of the render_ssrtgi console variable is set to 1 and the SSAO texture has been already filled during the SSRTGI stage, the engine skips this step.

SSGI#

Screen-Space Global Illumination is rendered in one RG11B10F texture.

SSGI stage also has its own TAA.

Notice

If the value of render_ssrtgi console variable is set to 1 and the SSGI texture has been already filled during the SSRTGI stage, the engine skips this step.

Underwater Fog#

During this step, the Underwater Fog texture is initialized and cleared by the renderer to perform the underwater world lighting correctly.

Deferred Composite#

During this stage, the engine uses all necessary textures from the previous stages and passes to create the final texture with opaque geometry. The engine combines buffers and calculates shading for the final texture of this pass.

During this stage, the renderer calculates the light of one world light and applies it. Environment reflections, ambient, and haze (scattering) are also rendered here.

The final image of the deferred pass for opaque geometry (excluding the Emission pass and SSS)

NoticeThe final deferred composite texture can be RGBA16F or RG11B10F, depending on the corresponding option enabled.

Emission#

The emission pass follows creation of the deferred composite image and applies the emission effect over this image.

Emission applied

SSS#

Subsurface Scattering changes the final deferred texture by applying the exponential blur.

SSS applied

Almost all transparent objects are rendered in the forward rendering pass.

During the forward pass, the renderer fills deferred buffers to let forward transparent objects participate in post-effects.

Refraction#

During this stage of the rendering sequence, the refraction texture (which has been already rendered) is applied.

Refraction applied

Volumetric Clouds#

During this step, all layers of procedural Volumetric Clouds are rendered into the RGBA16F texture using parameters of the clouds_base material.

Example of the Clouds texture content

Due to optimization, Volumetric Clouds are rendered in a certain order depending on the following conditions:

Before Water and Transparent Objects—if the value of the render_clouds_transparent_order console command is set to 0, and the current camera is below the water highest point or under the surface.
Between Water and Transparent Objects—if the value of the render_clouds_transparent_order console command is set to 0 and the current camera is above the water highest point.
After Water and Transparent Objects—if the value of the render_clouds_transparent_order console command is set to 1.

Water#

Water rendering in Unigine is really complex: it has its own deferred buffer (called WBuffer) with light and environment probes passes.

FieldHeight and FieldShoreline#

First, the FieldHeight and Field Shoreline textures are rendered.

Height#

The Field Height textures are rendered in a 2D array of R16F or R32F textures (depending on settings). All Field Height textures are packed into a 2D array to pass the data to the shader.

Notice

You can specify the texture format in the array by using the render_field_precision console command.

Shoreline#

All Field Shoreline textures are also are packed into a 2D array (of RGBA8) to pass the data to the shader.

WBuffer#

The renderer initializes the WBuffer.

Notice

The Underwater Fog texture has been already initialized.

Diffuse#

The diffuse color of water is black, and diffuse texture is necessary for decals that will be displayed over the water surface.

The texture format is RGBA8:

RGB channels store decal diffuse values
A channel stores foam values