Joints

Joints provide constraints removing degrees of freedom from a body and are used to connect pairs of bodies. Each joint has an anchor point, which is by default placed between the centers of mass of connected bodies. The properties of each connection depend on the selected joint type and its parameters. Joint parameters can be divided into two groups:

• Common parameters — basic set of parameters shared by all joints.
• Type-specific parameters — a set of specific parameters for each joint type.

See also#

Assume you have two objects with physical bodies assigned. Remember that a body must have a shape assigned. To connect them using a joint via UnigineEditor, perform the following steps:

• Open the World Hierarchy window.
• Select the first body to connect.
• Go to the Physics tab in the Parameters window.
• In the Joints section, choose an appropriate type of joint and click Add.

  

• Select the second body by picking its name in the dialog window and click Ok.
  
• Set joint parameters in the Joints section.

You can enable visualization of the joint by checking Helpers panel → Physics item → Joints option (Visualizer should be enabled).

Fixed joints connect two bodies in a manner that strictly preserves their positions with respect to each other.

Fixed Joint

Fixed Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointFixed Class description. An example illustrating connection of two bodies using a fixed joint can be found here.

Watch the illustration of the Fixed joint in our video tutorial on physics.

Hinge joints allow the connected bodies to rotate along the joint's axis at the anchor point. This joint has an angular motor attached.

Hinge Joint

Hinge Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointHinge Class description. An example illustrating connection of two bodies using a hinge joint can be found here.

Watch the illustration of the Hinge joint settings in our video tutorial on physics.

Ball joints provide a point around which the connected objects can rotate.

Ball Joint

Ball Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointBall Class description. An example illustrating connection of two bodies using a ball joint can be found here.

Watch the illustration of the Ball joint settings in our video tutorial on physics.

Prismatic joints allow movement along the joint axis. This joint has a linear motor attached.

Prismatic Joint

Prismatic Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointPrismatic Class description. An example illustrating connection of two bodies using a prismatic joint can be found here.

Watch the illustration of the Prismatic joint in our video tutorial on physics.

Cylindrical joints are like prismatic ones with an additional degree of freedom: rotation around the joint axis. This joint has a linear and an angular motors attached.

Cylindrical Joint

Cylindrical Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointCylindrical Class description. An example illustrating connection of two bodies using a cylindrical joint can be found here.

Watch the illustration of the Cylindrical joint in our video tutorial on physics.

Wheel joints are used to create ray-cast vehicle wheels. It connects two rigid bodies: the first body is a frame, the second one is a wheel. There is no need to assign a shape to the wheel: ray casting is used to detect collision of the wheel with a surface. This joint has an angular motor attached.

Wheel Joint

Wheel Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointWheel Class description. For an example illustrating the use of wheel joints see the Creating a Car with Wheel Joints article.

Watch how to simulate a wheel using the Wheel joint in our video tutorial on physics.

Suspension joints are used to create wheel suspension for vehicles. It connects two rigid bodies: the first body is a frame, the second one is a wheel. This joint has an angular motor attached.

Suspension Joint

Suspension Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointSuspension Class description. An example illustrating connection of two bodies using a suspension joint can be found here.

For the difference between the Suspension and Wheel joints, see our video tutorial on physics.

Path joint is used to attach a rigid body to a path body and to make it move along this path. This joint can be used to make a train move along the tracks. This joint has a linear motor attached.

Path Joint

Path Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointPath Class description. An example illustrating connection of two bodies using a path joint can be found here.

Our video tutorial on physics shows how to attach a rigid body to a path body using the Path joint.

Particles joint is used to pin cloth body or rope body to a rigid body, ragdoll body or a dummy body.

Particles Joint

Particles Joint Parameters

The basic constraint parameters of this joint include:

This joint also has a set of common parameters shared by all joint types.

For more information refer to JointParticles Class description. An example illustrating attachment of a cloth body using a particles joint can be found here.

An example illustrating the use of rope body and particles joint can be found here.

Our video tutorial on physics shows how to attach a rope or a cloth to other bodies using the Particles joint.

Common Joint Parameters

All joints regardless of their type have some common parameters:

Joints can have motors and springs associated with them.

Springs try to keep the bodies connected with a joint at some specific distance (linear) or angle (angular). The behavior of a particular spring depends on its rigidity and damping coefficient.

Motors provide movement or rotation of bodies connected with a joint relative to each other by applying a torque (or force) to a joint's degree of freedom. There are linear and angular motors that exert a limited force to a joint, pushing or rotating connected objects.

Motors have two parameters:

• Target velocity
• Maximum force (or torque) that is available to reach that velocity.

This is a very simple model of real life motors. However, is it quite useful when modeling a motor, that is geared down with a gearbox before being connected to the joint. Such devices are often controlled by setting a target velocity, and can only generate a maximum amount of power to achieve that speed (which corresponds to a certain amount of force available at the joint).

To activate an angular motor perform the following steps:

1. Set angular velocity — target angular velocity of the motor, This value determines how fast the motor can rotate.

   • positive value — the motor rotates counterclockwise.
   • negative value — the motor rotates clockwise.

2. Set angular torque — maximum torque applied by the motor to reach target velocity. This value determines how fast the motor reaches maximum velocity.

   • 0 disables the motor.
   • If a negative value is provided, 0 will be used instead.

To activate a linear motor perform the following steps:

1. Set linear velocity — target linear velocity of the motor, This value determines how fast the motor can push.

   • positive value — the motor pushes forward.
   • negative value — the motor pulls backward.

2. Set linear force — maximum force applied by the motor to reach target velocity. This value determines how fast the motor reaches maximum velocity.

   • 0 disables the motor.
   • If a negative value is provided, 0 will be used instead.

Vehicles are important in real-time games, therefore, they are to be described separately. There are two approaches to simulation of moving vehicles. Each approach has a corresponding joint type to connect wheels to vehicle body.

• The first approach uses a suspension joint and assumes that wheels are represented as physical bodies with shapes. As each wheel has a collider shape, collisions with objects on the ground are handled correctly. For example, such car runs on a curb smoothly. This approach requires more calculations and is to be used when more accurate simulation is needed especially for step-like ground surface and wheels have a complex shape.
• The second approach uses a wheel joint and assumes that the wheels are virtual. Wheels do not collide with the surface of the road. Instead, rays are cast down from the car body to detect surface unevenness. In this case steep changes of the terrain are not handled accurately. This approach is faster then the first one and provides acceptable results for smooth terrain, e.g. for racing cars simulation. However, on cross-country terrains it may not work correctly.

Both joints have a motor associated with them, which rotates the wheels and pushes the vehicle forward.