Vegetation: Authoring Tips

When preparing a 3D model of a tree with dense foliage, avoid creating topology for all branches and leaves; instead, it is much more efficient performance-wise to simulate fine details with textures. The main rule of models optimized for use in real-time is "the fewer polygons — the better." Following this rule is much more critical for rendering a dense forest filled with multiple types of plants and grasses.

Therefore, it is highly recommended to prepare several levels of detail (LODs) for a plant to be used at different distances from the camera.

The overall workflow of modeling a tree is as follows:

1. Model several small branches with leaves and bake the models into texture atlases — the obtained textures are going to be your foliage textures. Here are examples of such textures:
   

   Albedo with Alpha channel

   

   Shading

   

   Normal

   

   Translucent
2. Create low-poly meshes that will represent foliage chunks, map UVs for proper texturing. The chunks do not have to be flat, you can experiment with the shape and bend of meshes. It is also important to prepare at least 3 LODs, so make sure to optimize the meshes of LODs to the full extent:

   

   Foliage LODs.
3. Create the trunk with large branches and levels of detail for it. Prepare and assign necessary textures and materials.

   

   Trunk LODs.

   Also, it is recommended to transfer normals from the trunk to the adjoined vertices of branches to make a more natural look of joints:

   

   Adjusted normals of branches at joints provide a more natural look.
4. Scatter the LODs of foliage chunks over branches of the corresponding trunk LODs forming the tree crown:

   

   The fact that the same number of chunks is used on all LODs may result in a higher polygon count. However, this approach has a number of advantages:

   • The high diversity of branches makes it possible to create more realistic plants;
   • A better, almost seamless transition between LODs. All elements can be adjusted at any time to get rid of any inconsistencies;
   • A more permissive art pipeline enables the artists to collect trees of different sizes and ages out of the same chunks;
   • Accurate work of post effects even on the lowest LODs (SSAO, SSGI, etc.).
5. It is also recommended to create a separate low detail foliage LOD to simplify shadow casting. You can duplicate the lowest LOD and optimize it even more for this purpose and configure shadow casting in UNIGINE.
6. For better blending with terrain, prepare a separate bottom part of the trunk with a new material assigned. You can merge it to the mesh of the highest LOD for convenience:

   

7. Orient the model so it will be imported in UNIGINE appropriately, reset all transformations.

   Pay attention to the correct position of the mesh's pivot point (apparently, all the LODs must have the same position). As a rule, the pivot is placed at the bottommost point of the plant for ease of world design. However, you can alter the position of the pivot if this is needed for stem animation.

8. As a result, the model has the following content:

   

   For convenience, it is recommended to add postfixes to the names of levels of detail that will be used later during import.

9. Consider further adjustment of vertex normals and vertex colors and UVs for leaves animation.
10. Export the model to the recommended FBX format.

Import the created model to UNIGINE following the FBX Import Guide and add the plant to the scene.

To make all separate objects surfaces of the single Mesh Static, enable Merge Static Meshes in the import settings.

Setting Up LODs#

Materials Adjustment#

Vertex Normals Adjustment#

MIP Maps#

Enable the Vegetation state to activate a set of animation-related parameters.

Vegetation animation consists of Stem and Leaves animation. To enable both of them, set the Animation to the Default or Field option.

At that, the Field Animation makes the plant be affected by Field Animation volumes enabling you to override animation parameters locally (e.g., simulation of rotor downwash effects in close proximity to a rotorcraft).

Stem Animation#

Leaves Animation#

The Leaves animation is another layer of vertex shader animation mainly applied to foliage, providing additional detail bending. Using this type of animation requires preliminary adjustment to geometry on the modeling stage.

Several approaches of leaves animation are available out of the box. Choose the type of animation using the Leaves option.

Geometry Vertex Color Based#

This recommended approach providing the best control over foliage implies that leaves are rendered as polygons, and vertex colors are used for animation.

Vegetation movements are defined by RGB channels of vertex colors as follows:

	Red channel is used for animation of smaller or peripheral parts of vegetation (leaves). Bright parts are animated, and dark parts are stiff.
	Green channel is used to define the movement order for branches in order to desynchronize them. The movement sequence starts from the brightest element to the darkest.
	Blue channel is used to define which parts of branches can be bent. Brighter parts indicate bendable portions, and darker parts — stiff portions.

The animation parameters control vertices movement:

It is also a regular practice to animate branches using this technique even if they are attached to the trunk:

The Green and Blue channels define the movement of vertices; the Red channel is not used for branches.

At that, related surfaces must have the same vertex colors on adjacent vertices and identical animation parameters in order to synchronize their movement:

The colors of adjacent vertices of the trunk and foliage are the same, so the geometry stays connected when animated.

Geometry Vertex Color Based leaves animation.

Geometry UV-based#

This is a rather legacy approach when leaves are rendered as standard polygons. It requires the UV Channel 2 to be defined for the mesh.

Geometry UV-based animation.

UV Channel 2: the stiffest vertices are in the top left corner.

Animation uses UV channel 2 of an object as follows: in the UV grid, [0,1] is the pivot point for the object's movements and the stiffest part of the object, and towards [1,0], the object becomes more flexible.

Control the vertices movement via the same Animation Parameters.

Billboard#

Billboard is the most performance-friendly way of animating distant vegetation: all quads are rendered as billboards that always face the camera; the UV Channel 2 defines the size and movement of polygons. Hence, the foliage mesh should contain only quad polygons for leaves.

A billboards-based bush

The mesh of the bush

Animation uses UV channel 2 of an object as follows: in the UV grid, [0,1] is the pivot point for the billboard's movements, and the billboard's size can be changed by scaling the polygon in the UV channel.

UV Channel 1

UV Channel 2

Mesh (above) and the result (below)

Control the polygons movement via the same Animation Parameters.

Global Animation Options#

To randomly scatter a significant number of identical meshes across the terrain, Mesh Clutter is used. Mesh Clutter scatters objects procedurally and renders only those objects which are in the viewing frustum. The typical workflow is as follows:

1. Click Create -> Clutter -> Mesh and specify the .mesh asset to be used as the source mesh for the Mesh Clutter. Click within the viewport to place the new node in the world.
   Notice

   .fbx assets are containers for .mesh assets, right-click on the asset and choose Open or double-click on it to access its content.
2. If you already have a configured tree in your world, you can copy all materials and parameters from surfaces of the configured tree and paste them sequentially or by surface names to the Mesh Clutter.

   

3. Place the node in the scene and set the Size to cover the whole playable area.
   Notice

   The operation of Mesh Clutter objects is float-based, so it is not recommended to use Sizes bigger than 10000 units lengthwise and widthwise. If you need to fill areas beyond this limit, you will need to manually split the single Mesh Clutter object into a grid of several clutters.

   The Landscape Tool and the Sandworm do the slicing automatically when generating terrain.

4. Adjust the scattering parameters: set the desired Density in meshes per square unit; diversify the appearance of the forest by randomizing the Scale, Offset, and Rotation parameters.
5. Make the clutter object child to the terrain and enable the Intersection flag to make trees follow the surface.

   

   Notice

   If the Intersection flag is enabled, toggle it off and on to forcefully re-generate the clutter object.
6. Adjust the Visibility and Fade distances. Given the number of polygons that might come into play in a dense forest, it is recommended to make Mesh Clutter visible at as short distances as possible and use impostors at further distances.
7. By default, trees are scattered across the whole area. You can mask areas with vegetation via the following approaches:
   • By using a single-channel texture. You can prepare a texture in third-party software or create a new one and draw the mask from scratch. All Mesh Clutter and Grass objects that use that texture are updated on the fly.

     

     

   • By using Landscape Terrain masks. You can use the data of Landscape Terrain masks to define the density of the vegetation, provided your world contains a Landscape Terrain with configured masks: select the desired mask in the Mask Terrain parameter:

     

     

     Landscape Terrain

     

     Mask preview of Landscape Terrain

     

     Vegetation is scattered according to the terrain mask.

     You can also edit the mask by using the Brush Editor and have the Mesh Clutter updated on the fly.

     Notice

     All data of a Landscape Terrain, including masks, is subject to data streaming. If you have unoptimized streaming settings, there might be a bottleneck in mask data loading on world startup and changing the camera position, affecting the performance of Mesh Clutter generation.
   • As an additional feature, masking by a mesh is also available:

     

   • Cutout by intersection with objects:
     1. Create a Mesh Static or a Decal representing a bounding cutout volume. Enable the Clutter Interaction flag for it.
     2. Choose and enable a bit of the Intersection mask of the object that will be used for the cutout feature.
     3. Enable the same bit of the Cutout Intersection mask of the clutter object.
     4. Hide the visual representation of the object from the camera by disabling all bits of its Viewport mask and disabling shadow casting for it.

     

     Cutting out trees within a box.
8. Keep the optimal Step value for the best performance.

   The clutter is rendered as a 2D grid, in each cell of which meshes are randomly scattered depending on the density and probability of appearing. Generation of meshes in the cells is time-sliced starting from the nearest cells to reduce the load on the CPU.

   

   Cell division.

   The Step value defines the cell size in units. Thus, this value specifies the resulting number of cells along each axis (the size divided by the step). It is highly recommended to choose the values that are divided with no remainder.

   Notice

   Each cell requires 1 DIP call, so the higher the number of cells (i.e., the smaller the step), the more reduced the performance is. However, creating a large cell takes a longer time. When the camera moves fast enough, small cells are created one by one very fast and smoothly, but large ones can noticeably pop into sight and cause a slight rendering lag.

You can scatter bushes and chunks of polygon grass across the terrain the same way.

Finally, by combining several clutters for different types of trees, bushes, and grass, you get a diverse look of vegetation.

As a finishing touch, you can place trees as Static Meshes where needed. It is efficient performance-wise to collect a significant number of identical meshes into a Mesh Cluster object in order to treat and render a bunch of meshes as one object.

You can bake identical meshes of their hierarchy or collect all similar meshes in the world. Refer to the dedicated article for more details on the ways of collecting a cluster.

The other convenient approach to quickly scatter clusters of grass, bushes and trees across the scene is using the mesh placement brush tool:

1. Switch to the Cluster Editor mode:

   

2. Select one or several Mesh Cluster objects in the scene or create a new one by using the Create button in the Active Tool window.
3. Paint areas with brush, scattering meshes across the scene:

   

4. If needed, edit the cluster manually to reposition or remove some meshes.

In terms of UNIGINE, Impostors are billboard-like objects capable of mimicking the appearance of polygon meshes by displaying different areas of textures depending on the angle of view. Impostors serve to speed up geometry rendering by reducing the number of polygons while saving visual fidelity.

The built-in Impostor Creator tool makes it easy to generate impostors for single meshes and Mesh Clutters.

For a forest based on a Mesh Clutter, a Grass object with the grass_impostor_base material will be used as a low-poly LOD. At that, the clutter and grass parameters must match to make sure the position and orientation of all LODs are the same.

Mesh Clutter and Impostors

Meshes' and Impostors' Wireframes

Grass objects are also rendered as a 2D grid to optimize performance. The Step parameter defines the cell size. Usually, impostors are visible much further than meshes, and the Step value is to be chosen respectively. You can use the Subdivision parameter that subdivides large grass cells so that they match smaller cells of a Mesh Clutter to make positions of randomly scattered objects coincide with positions of grass-based impostors. Therefore, the Clutter Step must match the ratio of Step/Subdivision values of the grass.

A Grass object with the grass_base material can fill empty spots on the terrain and increase the overall density of lower vegetation in the scene. The grass_base material is intended to represent the basic features of grass. It has a lower visual fidelity compared to the mesh_base material, so Grass should be thought of as an additional filling layer of grass.

On the first step, you need to prepare a Diffuse texture with chunks representing small grass tufts:

Chunks are to be placed in the texture as follows:

• Vertical columns represent different grass species, each of which will be distributed according to the corresponding channel of the Mask texture. Therefore, the number of columns must match the number of channels of the Mask texture; otherwise, grass tufts will be sliced incorrectly.
• Horizontal rows represent variations of grass of the particular species (thinner, thicker, tangled, etc.). There can be from 1 to 4 rows, and this number must coincide with the Num Textures value.

For a grass texture with 4 columns, a mask with 4 channels should be used:

Refer to the Texture Slots section for more details.

Visually attractive grass, however, may reduce performance if rendered as a whole. All computations are time-sliced and performed per cell of a 2D grid to allow rendering at interactive frame rates. So choosing the optimal Step for cells is cricual for better performance.

For more details on creating and configuring grass, refer to the in-depth tutorial: Adding Grass.